In probability covariance is the measure of the joint probability for two random variables. It describes how the two variables change together It is denoted as the function cov(X,Y) Where X and Y are the two random variables being considered cov(X,Y) Covariance is calculated as the expected value or average of the product of the differences of each variable from theor expectedvalues ,Where E[X] is the expected value for X and E(Y) is the expected value of y. in simple terms cov(X,Y)=E[ ( X - E[X] ) . ( Y - E[Y] ) ] for n values cov(X,Y)=sum(E[ ( X - E[X] ) . ( Y - E[Y] ) ]) * 1/n or, cov(X,Y)=sum([ ( X - X^ ) . ( Y - Y^ ) ]) * 1/n sum is upto n The sign indicates that whether two variables increase together or decrease together. +ve sign means value are increasing and -ve means value are decreasing A variance value of zero are completely indicated that both variables are independent in numpy we use conv() to find covariance Note. It doesn't show...